Quelles place pour les incitations dans la gestion du personnel enseignant ?

En matière d'éducation, les systèmes publics ont représenté pendant longtemps le modèle standard et incontesté de régulation, aussi bien pour les économies de marché que pour les économies planifiées. Mais, depuis une vingtaine d'années, ils sont confrontés à des chocs internes et externes tant qualitatifs que quantitatifs : performances internes jugées souvent faibles (Hanuschek, E. A. and Kimko, D. D., 2000), en butte au phénomène des décrocheurs (Blaug, M., 2001), performances externes mises en question par l'existence de pénuries et de surplus ou interpellées par le problème de la suréducation ou du déclassement (Giret, J.-F. and Lemistre, P., 2004). Mis par ailleurs en concurrence, dans des contextes économiques difficiles, avec d'autres besoins sociaux, notamment ceux de la protection sociale, les systèmes éducatifs publics font l'objet de nombreuses critiques et sont confrontés aux turbulences des réformesenseignant; gestion du personnel enseignant;incitations;systèmes éducatifs;efficacité;équité

The institutional dynamics at the origin of a new method of local administration: The relationship between AEROSPATIALE and its subcontractors

The Institutional Dynamics at the Origin of a New Method of ?Local? Administration: the Relationship between AEROSPATIALE and its Subcontractors DAMIEN TALBOT LEREP In the last twenty years, interactions between the Aeronautical Branch of AEROSPATIALE and its subcontractors have evolved radically. From a system of fragmented regional subcontractors centered around AEROSPATIALE establishments, a network of businesses, much reduced in number and characterised by stronger links and a withdrawal from the notion of territorial boundaries, has been formed under the aegis of a principal contractor. This paper examines the reasons behind such upheavals and, in particular, how the principal contractor has managed to impose such changes and why. In answering these questions, this paper focuses both on the market and non-market interactions between the economic players. In order to fully understand the reasons behind these players? behaviour, it is necessary to take account of the principles of non-market interaction. As these apply to interactions between principal contractors and their subcontractors, the notion of power is central. At least one theory, that of American institutionalism, implicates power imbalances between players as the major factor in their changing behaviour. This theory is advanced further by COMMONS through the notion of conflict. This last approach proposes that institutions themselves provide a setting for actions and thus one cannot fully understand the evolution of behaviour without first understanding the role played by these institutions, not only as to how they influence economic behaviour, but more importantly in understanding the actual processes underlying institutional change itself. In order to identify these processes, as institutions and behaviour evolve hand in hand, this paper proposes, as a useful starting point, to examine the distinction between the terms institution and organisation, in order to then define institutional change. These definitions will subsequently be applied to the evolution of the relationship between AEROSPATIALE and its major subcontractors. This paper hopes to show that the evolution is the result of the role played by GIE AIRBUS in altering the mindset of the AEROSPATIALE group. Finally, this paper will describe the effect this institutional change has had on AEROSPATIALE?s method of local administration. It must be pointed out that the term ?local? here has no defined boundaries and is to be determined by reference to businesses established in a territory and/or an a-territorial network. REFERENCES ARROW K. (1994) Methodological Individualism and Social Knowledge, Am. Econ. Rev. 84, 1-9. BAZZOLI L. and DUTRAIVE V. (1995) Dynamique technologique et institutionnelle dans la pensee institutionnaliste americaine: les enjeux de la maitrise sociale, in BASLE M., DUFOURT D., HERAUD J. A. and PERRIN J. (Eds) Changement institutionnel et changement technologique, pp. 51-67. CNRS Editions, Paris. BERNARD P., TALBOT D. and WALLET F. (1997) Pouvoirs, proximites et apprentissages: une relecture des relations par la dynamique interaction / action, Industria 4, to be published. COMMONS J.R. (1931) Institutional Economics, Am. Econ. Rev. 21, 648-657. COREI T. (1995) L'economie institutionnaliste, les fondateurs, series Economie de poche, Economica, Paris. DUFOURT D. (1995) Arrangements institutionnels et logiques de l'action collective: les enjeux d'une reflexion renouvelee par les institutions, in BASLE M., DUFOURT D., HERAUD J. A. and PERRIN J. (Eds) Changement institutionnel et changement technologique, pp. 21-32. CNRS Editions, Paris. HODGSON G. (1988) Economics and Institutions: A Manifesto for a Modern Institutional Economics, Polity Press, Cambridge. HODGSON G. (1996) The viability of Institutionnal Economics, Conference Evolutionnisme, fondements, perpectives et realisations, Sorbonne, Paris. KIRAT T. and LUNG Y. (1995) Innovations et proximites: le territoire, lieu de deploiement des processus d'apprentissages, in LAZARIC N., MONNIER J. M. and PAULRE B. (Eds), dans Coordination economique et apprentissage des firmes, pp. 207-227. Economica, Paris. PERRIN J. (1993) Apprentissage et cognition en economie des changements techniques, l'apport des economistes neo-institutionnalistes, Economies et Societes 1, 103-124. RUTHERFORD M. (1983) J. R. Commons's institutional economics, JEI 17, 443-451. SJOSTRAND S.E. (1995) Towards a theory of institutional change, in GROENEWEGEN J., PITELIS C. and SJOSTRAND S.E. (Eds) On Economics Institutions, pp. 19-43. European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy, Cambridge. VEBLEN T. (1899) Preconceptions of Economic Science, II, Quart. J. Econ. 13, 396-426. VILLEVAL M.C. (1995) Une theorie economique des institutions ? in BOYER R. and SAILLARD Y. (Eds), Theorie de la Regulation, l'etat des savoirs, pp. 202-213. La Decouverte, Paris. WALLER W. (1982) The evolution of the veblenian dichotomy: Veblen, Hamilton, Ayres, and Foster, JEI 16, 757-771. WILBER C. and HARRISON R. (1978) The methodological basis of Institutional Economics: pattern model, storytelling, and holism, JEI 12, 61-89.

Between risks and social rights : the French further education and training system facing the new employment relationship

At the start of 2001, French unions and employers began negotiations on continuing vocational training. These negotiations, launched by Medef (the main employers' organisation), were part of a more wide-ranging project to reorganise labour relations with, as Medef's objective, a view to changing the overall framework of industrial relations. Other themes had been discussed over the previous two years, including reforming unemployment benefits and how to structure different levels of negotiations. After ten months of discussions on continuing education, the negotiations broke down. Nevertheless, there was a consensus on many of the ideas raised. In 2003, a new round of negotiation began. It ended with a general agreement between all the partners – an exception in the French industrial relations system that has been translated in the labour law. The change in the FVET system is said to be a step towards lifelong learning. However, lifelong learning is more a slogan than a reality. In France, as in most of the OECD countries, the national expenditure for further education and training (FVET) has decreased since 1995. And the basic roots of a lifelong learning policy remain unclear. The debate about the Knowledge society shows two tendencies. A part of the literature promotes a narrow conception of knowledge (scientific and technical), mainly devoted to economic production and claims for more commodification of knowledge. Other part put the emphasis on a wider conception (including social knowledge, “citizen” knowledge...) and fights again the market of knowledge (Méhaut, 2004). As in other fields of the welfare policies, FVET policies are in tone between risk (FVET as an insurance for employability) and personal development (FVET as a tool for a career) (Ramaux, 2003). The 2003 and 2004 reforms could be analysed as double compromise: between risk and welfare on the one hand, between individual insurance and collective rights over resources on the other hand. This double compromise will be the red file of the paper. In a first section, we analyse the main debates about the reform of the welfare state, applied to labour market policies. The second section analyses the reform of the FVET system, and tries to locate the new devices between risk and welfare, insurance and social rights.Employment risks; Labour market; FVET system; Reorganising labourrelations

Wheat amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs): occurrence, function and health aspects

Amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) are widely consumed in cereal-based foods and have been implicated in adverse reactions to wheat exposure, such as respiratory and food allergy, and intestinal responses associated with coeliac disease and non-coeliac wheat sensitivity. ATIs occur in multiple isoforms which differ in the amounts present in different types of wheat (including ancient and modern ones). Measuring ATIs and their isoforms is an analytical challenge as is their isolation for use in studies addressing their potential effects on the human body. ATI isoforms differ in their spectrum of bioactive effects in the human gastrointestinal (GI), which may include enzyme inhibition, inflammation and immune responses and of which much is not known. Similarly, although modifications during food processing (exposure to heat, moisture, salt, acid, fermentation) may affect their structure and activity as shown in vitro, it is important to relate these changes to effects that may present in the GI tract. Finally, much of our knowledge of their potential biological effects is based on studies in vitro and in animal models. Validation by human studies using processed foods as commonly consumed is warranted. We conclude that more detailed understanding of these factors may allow the effects of ATIs on human health to be better understood and when possible, to be ameliorated, for example by innovative food processing. We therefore review in short our current knowledge of these proteins, focusing on features which relate to their biological activity and identifying gaps in our knowledge and research priorities

Wheat amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs): occurrence, function and health aspects

none15sì: Amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) are widely consumed in cereal-based foods and have been implicated in adverse reactions to wheat exposure, such as respiratory and food allergy, and intestinal responses associated with coeliac disease and non-coeliac wheat sensitivity. ATIs occur in multiple isoforms which differ in the amounts present in different types of wheat (including ancient and modern ones). Measuring ATIs and their isoforms is an analytical challenge as is their isolation for use in studies addressing their potential effects on the human body. ATI isoforms differ in their spectrum of bioactive effects in the human gastrointestinal (GI), which may include enzyme inhibition, inflammation and immune responses and of which much is not known. Similarly, although modifications during food processing (exposure to heat, moisture, salt, acid, fermentation) may affect their structure and activity as shown in vitro, it is important to relate these changes to effects that may present in the GI tract. Finally, much of our knowledge of their potential biological effects is based on studies in vitro and in animal models. Validation by human studies using processed foods as commonly consumed is warranted. We conclude that more detailed understanding of these factors may allow the effects of ATIs on human health to be better understood and when possible, to be ameliorated, for example by innovative food processing. We therefore review in short our current knowledge of these proteins, focusing on features which relate to their biological activity and identifying gaps in our knowledge and research priorities.openGeisslitz, Sabrina; Weegels, Peter; Shewry, Peter; Zevallos, Victor; Masci, Stefania; Sorrells, Mark; Gregorini, Armando; Colomba, Mariastella; Jonkers, Daisy; Huang, Xin; De Giorgio, Roberto; Caio, Giacomo P; D'Amico, Stefano; Larré, Colette; Brouns, FredGeisslitz, Sabrina; Weegels, Peter; Shewry, Peter; Zevallos, Victor; Masci, Stefania; Sorrells, Mark; Gregorini, Armando; Colomba, Mariastella; Jonkers, Daisy; Huang, Xin; De Giorgio, Roberto; Caio, Giacomo P; D'Amico, Stefano; Larré, Colette; Brouns, Fre

Reply to the comment by Michard et al. on "Evidence of extensional metamorphism associated to Cretaceous rifting of the North-Maghrebian passive margin : The Tanger-Ketama Unit (External Rif, northern Morocco) by Vázquez et al., Geologica Acta 11 (2013), 277-293"

Michard et al. (this issue) commented on certain aspects of the Alpine metamorphism and structural evolution of the Rif belt (Morocco) that were briefly noted in Vázquez et al. (2013). In particular, they criticize our interpretation of an extensional setting during the main metamorphic recrystallization of the Tanger-Ketama Unit that we considered related to slaty cleavage (S1) parallel to the lithological layering generated during the Cretaceous. Michard et al. (this issue) interpret the S1 syn-metamorphic foliation as being related to compressional folds, and the peak metamorphism temperatures, in the Lower Cretaceous sediments, as ranging between 200-300°C. Therefore, they conclude that recrystallization of the Ketama Unit occurred during Miocene thrust nappe tectonics. We explain our view in the following sections

Wheat ati cm3, cm16 and 0.28 allergens produced in pichia pastoris display a different eliciting potential in food allergy to wheat

International audienceAlthough wheat is a staple food for most of the human population, some of its components trigger adverse reactions. Among wheat components, the alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATI) are important triggers of several allergies and activators of innate immunity. ATI are a group of exogenous protease inhibitors and include several polypeptides. The three ATI polypeptides named CM3, CM16 and 0.28 are considered major allergens, and might also play a role in other common wheat-related pathologies, such as Non Celiac Wheat Sensitivity and even Celiac Disease. On this basis, we pointed to obtain high amounts of them in purity and to evaluate their allergenicity potential. We thus isolated the mRNA corresponding to the three ATI genes CM3, CM16 and 0.28 from 28 days post-anthesis wheat kernels and the corresponding cDNAs were used for heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. The three purified proteins were tested in degranulation assay against human sera of patients with food allergy to wheat. A large range of degranulation values was observed for each protein according to the sera tested. All of the three purified proteins CM3, CM16 and 0.28 were active as allergens because they were able to induce basophils degranulation on wheat allergic patients' sera, with the highest values of beta-hexosaminidase release observed for CM3 protein